Medicinal Mushrooms Scientific Literature

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Scientific papers of medicinal mushrooms research

Modern research of medicinal mushrooms start in the 1950s. According to a leading scientist for this research area and the chief editor of the scientific journal International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, academician S. P. Wasser, medicinal effects of about 700 species of higher fungi was established – spanning over 50,000 published scientific papers, more than 400 clinical studies and over 15,000 patents. The study of medicinal mushrooms is actually just starting – according to the best estimates, using the average research speed in the last 10 years it will take about 4,000 years until we get a complete picture of the potential of using medicinal mushrooms in medicine. (S. P. Wasser, 2013)

Therefore, the following is just an illustrative list of the scientific literature on medicinal mushrooms.

  1. Adachi, K., Nanba, H., Otsuka, M., and Kuroda, H. 1988. Blood Pressure Lowering Activity Present in the Fruit Body of Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Chem. Phann. Bull. 36:1000-1006.
  2. Adachi, K., Nanba, H., and Kuroda, H. 1987. Potentiation of Host-Mediated Antitumor Activity in Mice by Beta-glucan Obtained from Grifola frondosa (Maitake), Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35;262-270.
  3. Akiyama, Y. et al. 1981. Immunological characteristics of anti-tumor polysaccharides lentinan and its analogues, as immune adjuvants. In Manipulation of Host Defense Mechanisms, Aoki, T. et al. (eds.). Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica (International Congress Series 576).
  4. Amagase H. et al. 1984. L.E.M. May be Effective Against Treating Hepatitis B Cases. Abstr. 197 Gastroenterology World Congress, Lisbon
  5. Antoniou L.D., et al. 1977. Reversal of Uraemic Impotence by Zinc. Lancet 2:895-98
  6. Aoki T. Et al. 1984. Antibodies to HTLV-1 and HTLV-3 in Sera from Two Japanese Patients:One with possible Pre-A.I.D.S. Lancet 2:936
  7. Aoki T, 1987. Low natural killer syndrome: clinical and immunologic features. Nat Immun Cell Growth Regul 6(3), 116-128
  8. Arinaga S, 1992. Enhanced induction of lymphokine-activated killer activity after lentinan administration in patients with gastric carcinoma. Int J Immunopharmacol 14(4), 535-53
  9. Arinaga S, 1992. Enhanced production of interleukin 1 and tumor necrosis factor by peripheral monocytes after lentinan administration in patients with gastric carcinoma. Int J Immunopharmacol 14(1), 43-47
  10. Balon TW, Jasman AP, Zhu JS. A fermentation product of Cordyceps sinensis increases whole-body insulin sensitivity in rats. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Jun;8(3):315-23.
  11. Bao X, Fang J, Li X. Structural characterization and immunomodulating activity of a complex glucan from spores of Ganoderma lucidum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2001 Nov;65(11):2384-91.
  12. Brauer D, Kimmons T, Phillips M. Effects of management on the yield and high-molecular-weight polysaccharide content of shiitake (Lentinula edodes) mushrooms. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Sep 11;50(19):5333-7.
  13. Benedict, RG & LR Brady. 1972. Antimicrobial activity of mushroom metabolites. J. Pharm. Sci. 61: 1820-1822.
  14. Bobek P, 1991. Cholesterol-lowering effect of the mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus in hereditary hypercholesterolemic rats. Ann Nutr Metab 35(4), 191-19
  15. Bok JW, et al. 1999. Antitumor sterols from the mycelia of Cordyceps sinensis. Phytochemistry. Aug;51(7):891-8.
  16. Borchers AT, et al. 1999. Mushrooms, tumors, and immunity. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. Sep;221(4):281-93. Review.
  17. Breene W. M. 1989. Nutritional & Medicinal Value of Exotic Mushrooms. Shiitake Mushrooms.The Proceeding of a National Symposium & Trade Show University of Minnesota 100-102
  18. Broadbent, D. 1966. Antibiotics produced by fungi. Bot. Rev. 32: 219-242.
  19. Brodziak L, 1984. Nutritive value of the mushroom Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (shiitake) compared with that of other edible mushrooms Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig 35(1), 59-62
  20. Chang, R. 1993. Limitations and Potential applications of Ganoderma and related fungal polyglycans in clinical ontology; First International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom products: 96
  21. Chang, R. 1994. Effective dose of ganoderma in humans. In Proc. Contributed Symposium 59A, B. 5th Intl. Mycol. Congr., Buchanan PK, Hseu RS and Moncalvo JM (eds), Taipei, p. 101-13.
  22. Chang, R. 1996. The Central Importance of the beta-glucan receptor as the basis of immunologic bioactivity of ganoderma polysaccharides, In Reishi, *Mizuno T, Kim BK (eds), II Yang Press, Seoul, p.177-9
  23. Chang, R. Y. 1996. Potential Application of Ganoderma Polysaccharides in the Immune Surveillance and Chemoprevention of Cancer. 153-160 In: Royse, D.J. (ed). 1996. Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. Proceedings of the Second International Congress.
  24. Cheng HH, Hou WC, Lu ML. Interactions of lipid metabolism and intestinal physiology with Tremella fuciformis Berk edible mushroom in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet with or without Nebacitin. J Agric Food Chem. 2002 Dec 4;50(25):7438-43.
  25. Cheng Q, 1992. Effect of cordyceps sinensis on cellular immunity in rats with chronic renal insufficiency Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 72(1), 27-29
  26. Chen, A. W., 1997. Topical Use of Ganoderma Mushrooms. The Mushroom Growers Newsletter V (11), March 1997.
  27. Chen, J & R Jiang. 1980. A pharmacognostical study of the Chinese drug Lingzhi (Ganoderma). Acta. Pharm. Sin. 15:244
  28. Chen JR, 1993. The effects of Chinese herbs on improving survival and inhibiting anti-ds DNA antibody production in lupus mice. Am J Chin Med 21(3-4), 257-26
  29. Chen, K & W Zhang. 1987. Advances on anti-aging herbal medicines in China. Abstrcts of Chinese Medicines. 1:309-330
  30. Chen WC, 1995. Effects of Ganoderma lucidum and krestin on cellular immunocompetence in gamma-ray-irradiated mice. Am J Chin Med 23(1), 71-80
  31. Chen YJ, 1997. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells. Life Sci 60(25), 2349-2359 (1997)
  32. Cheng Q, 1992. Effect of cordyceps sinensis on cellular immunity in rats with chronic renal insufficiency. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 72(1), 27-29
  33. Chihara, G., Maeda, Y. Y. 1969 . Inhibition of mouse sarcoma 180 by polysaccharides from lentinus edodes, Nature, vol. 222, pg. 687.
  34. Chihara G, 1969. Study on the antineoplastic activity and analysis of active fractions of Polyporaceae, Lentinus edodes and other basidiomycetes. Nippon Rinsho 27(6), 1739-174
  35. Chihara G, 1970. Antitumor polysaccharides, lentinan and pachymaran. Saishin Igaku 25(5), 1043-1048
  36. Chihara G, et. al. 1970. Fractionation and purification of the polysaccharides with marked antitumor activity, especially lentinan, from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (an edible mushroom). Cancer Res 30(11), 2776-278
  37. Chihara G, 1987. Antitumor and metastasis-inhibitory activities of lentinan as an immunomodulator: an overview. Cancer Detect Prev Suppl 1, 423-443
  38. Chiu JH, et al.1998. Cordyceps sinensis increases the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II antigens on human hepatoma cell line HA22T/VGH cells. Am J Chin Med. 1998;26(2):159-70.
  39. Cochran K.W. et al. 1967 . Botanical Sources of Influenza Inhibitors” – Anti – Microbial Agents & Chemotherapy 515v
  40. Christov G, 1965. Studies on the antitumoral activity of Actinomycetes by the in vitro method. Dokl Bolg Akad Nauk 18(6), 573-57
  41. Cozens, D.D. et al. 1981a. The effect of lentinan on fertility and general reproductive performance of the rat. Toxicol. Lett. 9:55-64.
  42. Currie CR, Wong B, Stuart AE, Schultz TR, Rehner SA, Mueller UG, Sung GH, Spatafora JW, Straus NA. Ancient tripartite coevolution in the attine ant-microbe symbiosis. Science. 2003 Jan 17;299(5605):386-8.
  43. Cutler R.G. 1991. Anti-Oxidants & Ageing. Ann J. Clin. Nutr. 53:373S-379S
  44. Czop, J.K., Austen, K.F. 1985. A beta-Glucan inhibit able receptor on human monocytes, J. Immunol. 134, 2588-593.
  45. Daly J.N. et al. 1988. Immune & Metabolic Effects of Arginine in the Surgical Patient” . Annal Surg. 208(4):512-23
  46. Dennart, G. and D. Tucker. 1973. Antirumor polysaccharide Lentinan, a T cell adjuvant. J. Natl. Cancer lnst. 51:1729.
  47. deVere White RW, Hackman RM, Soares SE, Beckett LA, Sun B. Effects of a mushroom mycelium extract on the treatment of prostate cancer. Urology. 2002 Oct;60(4):640-4.
  48. Ding, G. 1987. Anti-arrhythmia agents in traditional Chinese medicines. From Abstrarts of Chinese Medicines 1:287-308.
  49. Diplock A.T. 1991. Anti-Oxidant Nutrients & Disease Prevention: An Overview. Am J. Clin Nutr. 53:189S-193S
  50. Du DJ, 1986. Antitumor activity of Cordyceps sinensis and cultured Cordyceps mycelia. Chung Yao Tung Pao 11(7), 51-54
  51. Durgo K., Koncar M., Komes D., Belscak-Cvitanovic A., Franekic J, Jakopovic I. Jakopovic N, Jakopovic B. Cytotoxicity of Blended Versus Single Medicinal Mushroom Extracts on Human Cancer Cell Lines: Contribution of Polyphenol and Polysaccharide Content. Int.J.Med.Mushr. 2013.v15i5: 435-448.
  52. Eisman J.A. et al. 1988. Rapid Turnover of 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D Receptor in Human Target Cells. Endocrinol. 122:1613-21
  53. Espenshade, M. A. & E. W. Griffith. 1966. Tumor-inhibiting basidiomycetes. isolation and cultivation in the laboratory. Mycologia 58: 511-517.
  54. Fehser J. et al. 1989. The Effect of Lentinan on Superoxide Dismutase Enzyme Activity in Vitro. Immunopharmocal. (Immunotoxical.) 11(1):55-61
  55. Feofilova EP, et al. 1998. [Lipid composition of fruiting bodies and submerged mycelium from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing]. Mikrobiologiia. 1998 Sep-Oct;67(5):655-9.
  56. Finkelstein MP, Aynehchi S, Samadi AA, Drinis S, Choudhury MS, Tazaki H, Konno S. Chemosensitization of carmustine with maitake beta-glucan on androgen-independent prostatic cancer cells: involvement of glyoxalase I. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Oct;8(5):573-80.
  57. Flynn, V.T. 1991. Is the shiitake mushroom an aphrodisiac and a cause of longevitvy? From: Science and Cultivation of Edible Fungi (Maher, ed.). Rotterdam: Balkema.
  58. Fruehauf JP, 1982. The effect of lentinan on production of interleukin-1 by human monocytes. Immunopharmacology 5(1), 65-7.
  59. Fu, H. and Z. Wang. 1982. The clinical effects of Ganoderma lucidium spore preparations in 10 cases of atrophic myotonia. J. Trad. Chin. Med. 2:63-65.
  60. Fujita, A., et. al. 1969. Determination of vitamin D by thin layer chromatography. II. Determination of vitamin D in Shiitake Lentinus edodes. Vitamins 40: 129-135.
  61. Gan KH, et al. 1998. Mediation of the cytotoxicity of lanostanoids and steroids of Ganoderma tsugae through apoptosis and cell cycle. J Nat Prod. Apr; 61(4): 485-487.
  62. Gao, B. and G. Yang. 1991. Effects of Ganoderm pplanatum polysaccharide on cellular and humoral iImunity in normal and sarcoma 180 transplanted mice. Phythother. Res. 5:134- 138. From CA 115:85011v.
  63. Gao Q, et al. 1996. Characterisation of acidic heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis Berk with cytokine stimulating activity. Carbohydr Res.; 288: 135-142.
  64. Gao QP, et al. 1996 Aug. Characterization and cytokine stimulating activities of heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis. Planta Med.; 62(4): 297-302.
  65. Gao Q, et al. 1997. Characterization and cytokine-stimulating activities of acidic heteroglycans from Tremella fuciformis. Planta Med.; 63(5): 457-460.
  66. Gao Y, Zhou S, Wen J, Huang M, Xu A. Mechanism of the antiulcerogenic effect of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on indomethacin-induced lesions in the rat. Life Sci. 2002 Dec 27;72(6):731-45.
  67. Garland C.F. et al. 1989. Serum 25 Hydroxy-Vitamin D & Colon Cancer: 8 Year Prospective Study. Lancet 2:1176-78
  68. Geng, S. et al. 1985. Treatment of Hyperlipidemia with Cultivated Cordyceps-A Double Blind, Randomized Placebo Control Trial. Chin. J. Integ. Med. 5(11), 652.
  69. Gentao, L & R. Xu. 1985. Immuno-pharmacologic activity of Cordyceps sinensis (berk.) Sacc. Chi J Int Trad & West Med. 21(6): 622-624.
  70. Ghafar MA, Golliday E, Bingham J, Mansukhani MM, Anastasiadis AG, Katz AE. Regression of prostate cancer following administration of Genistein Combined Polysaccharide (GCP), a nutritional supplement: a case report. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Aug;8(4):493-7.
  71. Ghafar MA, Golliday E, Bingham J, Mansukhani MM, Anastasiadis AG, Katz AE. Regression of prostate cancer following administration of Genistein Combined Polysaccharide (GCP), a nutritional supplement: a case report. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Aug;8(4):493-7.
  72. Ghoneum, M., M. Wimbley, F. Salem, A. Mcklain, N. Attallan, G. Gill., 1995. Immunodulatory and anticancer effects of active hemicellulose compound (AHCC). Int. Journal of Immunotherapy XI (1) 23-28.
  73. Gong, M. et al. 1990. Molecular structure and immunoactivity of the polysaccharide from Cordyceps sinensis. Shengwu Huaxue Zazl. 6:486-492. From CA 1 14:94819w.
  74. Gordon M, et al. 1998. A placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator, lentinan, in HIV-positive patients: a phase I/II trial. J Med. 29(5-6):305-30.
  75. Goulet N.R. et al. 1960. Differential & Specific of Echo Viruses by Plant Extracts” – Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 103-96
  76. Grabski AC, et al. 1998. Immobilization of manganese peroxidase from Lentinula edodes and its biocatalytic generation of MnIII-chelate as a chemical oxidant of chlorophenols. Biotechnol Bioeng. 1998 Oct 20;60(2):204-15.
  77. Guan YJ, 1992. Effect of Cordyceps sinesis on T-lymphocyte subsets in chronic renal failure. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 12(6), 338-339
  78. Gunde-Cimerman, N.G. and A. Cimerman, 1995. Pleurotus fruiting bodies contain the inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-Coenzyme A Reductase-Lovastatin®. Experimental Mycology 19:1-6.
  79. Guo DZ, et al. 1984. Preliminary observation on carboxyl-methyl Poria cocos polysaccharide (CMPCP) in treating chronic viral hepatitis. J Tradit Chin Med. Dec 1; 4(4): 282.
  80. Haak-Frendscho M, 1993. Ling Zhi-8: a novel T cell mitogen induces cytokine production and upregulation of ICAM-1 expression. Cell Immunol 150(1), 101-11
  81. Hamano K, et al. 1999. The preoperative administration of lentinan ameliorated the impairment of natural killer activity after cardiopulmonary bypass. Int J Immunopharmacol. Aug;21(8):531-40.
  82. Hamuro J, 1994. Synergistic antimetastatic effects of lentinan and interleukin 2 with pre- and post-operative treatments. Jpn J Cancer Res 85(12), 1288-1297
  83. Harada, T., & Kanetaka, T. 1987. [oral administration of LEM with EP3 improved the hepatic functions of hepatitis-B patients in vivo without serious side effects] Kantansui, vol.14, pg.327.
  84. Hartoma T.R. et al. 1977. Zinc Plasma Androgens and Male Sterility. Lancet 2:1125-26
  85. Hatanaka K. et al. 1989. Synthesis of an Inhibitor of Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus Infection. Jpn. J. Cancer Res. 80.95-98
  86. Hattori T, et al. 1992. Studies on antinephritic effects of plant components (3): Effect of pachyman, a main component of Poria cocos Wolf on original-type anti-GBM nephritis in rats and its mechanisms. Jpn J Pharmacol. May 1; 59(1): 89-96.
  87. Hatvani N, Kredics L, Antal Z, Mecs I. Changes in activity of extracellular enzymes in dual cultures of Lentinula edodes and mycoparasitic Trichoderma strains. J Appl Microbiol. 2002;92(3):415-23.
  88. Hayakawa K, Mitsuhashi N, Saito Y, et al. Effect of Krestin (PSK) as adjuvant treatment on the prognosis after radical radiotherapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Anticancer Res 13:1815-20, 1993.
  89. Hazama S, 1995. Clinical effects and immunological analysis of intraabdominal and intrapleural injection of lentinan for malignant ascites and pleural effusion of gastric carcinoma Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 22(11), 1595-1597
  90. Herlyn D, 1985.Monoclonal antibody-dependent murine macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity against human tumors is stimulated by lentinan. Jpn J Cancer Res 76(1), 37-42
  91. Heyland DK. In search of the magic nutraceutical: problems with current approaches. J Nutr. 2001 Sep;131(9 Suppl):2591S-5S.
  92. Hirasawa M, et al. 1999. Three kinds of antibacterial substances from Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Sing. (Shiitake, an edible mushroom). Int J Antimicrob Agents. Feb;11(2):151-7.
  93. Hishida I, 1988. Antitumor activity exhibited by orally administered extract from fruit body of Grifola frondosa (maitake). Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 36(5), 1819-1827
  94. Hockaday TD. Two herbal preparations, Cordyceps Cs4 and Cogent db: do they act on blood glucose, insulin sensitivity, and diabetes as “viscous dietary fibers?”. J Altern Complement Med. 2002 Aug;8(4):403-5.
  95. Hokama Y. et al. 1981. In Vitro Inhibition of Platelel Aggregation with Low dalton Compounds from Aqueous Dialysates of Edible Fungi. Res. Comm. Chem. Pathol. & Pharmacol. 31:177-80
  96. Honma, H., Oshima, S., Watanabe, S. et al. (1982). Clinical efficacy of schizophyllan (SPG) in treatment of lung cancers. A Randomized controlled study. Haigan 22: 499-512.
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  98. Horiuchi Y, Kimura R, Kato N, Fujii T, Seki M, Endo T, Kato T, Kawashima K. Evolutional study on acetylcholine expression. Life Sci. 2003 Feb 28;72(15):1745-1756.
  99. Hu H, Ahn NS, Yang X, Lee YS, Kang KS. Ganoderma lucidum extract induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in MCF-7 human breast cancer cell. Int J Cancer. 2002 Nov 20;102(3):250-3.
  100. Hugenholtz J, Smid EJ. Nutraceutical production with food-grade microorganisms. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002 Oct;13(5):497-507.
  101. Hsu MJ, Lee SS, Lin WW. Polysaccharide purified from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits spontaneous and Fas-mediated apoptosis in human neutrophils through activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/Akt signaling pathway. J Leukoc Biol. 2002 Jul;72(1):207-16.
  102. Iino Y, Yokoe T, Ohwada S, et al. Eight-year results of adjuvant immunochemotherapies vs chemotherapy in the treatment of operable breast cancer. 18th *International Congress of Chemotherapy. June 27-July 2, 1993, Stockholm, Sweden, p. 162, 1993.
  103. Ikekawa T, 1969. Antitumor activity of aqueous extracts of edible mushrooms. Cancer Res 29(3), 734-735
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  105. Inoue A, Kodama N, Nanba H. Effect of maitake (Grifola frondosa) D-fraction on the control of the T lymph node Th-1/Th-2 proportion. Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Apr;25(4):536-40.
  106. Irinoda, K. 1992. Stimulation of microbicidal host defense mechanisms against aerosol influenza virus infection by lentinan. Int. j Immunopharmacol. 14:971-977.
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  132. Kiho T, et al. 1995. Polysaccharides in fungi. XXXV. Anti diabetic activity of an acidic polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Tremella aurantia. Biol Pharm Bull.; 18(12): 1627-1629
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  135. Kim, B.K., H.W. Kim and E.C. Choi, 1994. Anti-HIV effects of Ganoderma lucidum. In : Ganoderma: Systematics, Phytopathology & Pharmacology: Proceedings of Contributed Symposium 59 A,B. 5th International Mycological Congress. Vancouver.
  136. Kim, B.K., H.W. Kim and E.C. Choi, 1996. Medicinal Efficacies of Ganoderma lucidum (XV) Anti-HIV Activities of Ganoderma lucidum. 187-194. In: Royse, D.J. (ed). 1996. Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. Proceedings of the Second International Congress.
  137. Kim DH, et al.1999. Beta-glucuronidase-inhibitory activity and hepatoprotective effect of Ganoderma lucidum. Biol Pharm Bull. 1999 Feb;22(2):162-4.
  138. Kim HS, et al. 1999. In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis. Aug;20(8):1637-40.
  139. Kim KC, et al. 1999. Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxyl radical and UV irradiation. Int J Mol Med. Sep;4(3):273-7.
  140. Kim JR, Yeon SH, Kim HS, Ahn YJ. Larvicidal activity against Plutella xylostella of cordycepin from the fruiting body of Cordyceps militaris. Pest Manag Sci. 2002 Jul;58(7):713-7.
  141. Kim RS, 1997. Suppressive effects of Ganoderma lucidum on proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Mol Cells 7(1), 52-5
  142. Kim SW, Hwang HJ, Xu CP, Sung JM, Choi JW, Yun JW. Optimization of submerged culture process for the production of mycelial biomass and exo-polysaccharides by Cordyceps militaris C738. J Appl Microbiol. 2003;94(1):120-6.
  143. Kobayashi H, Kumagai F, Itagaki T, Koyama T, Inokuchi N, Iwama M, Ohgi K, Irie M. Amino acid sequence and characterization of a nuclease (nuclease Le3) from Lentinus edodes. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2002 Jun;66(6):1345-55.
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